![]() Tree networks join multiple star topologies together onto a bus.Star networks are limited in number of hub connection points. Star networks using a central connection point called a "hub node", a network hub, switch or router, that controls the network communications.A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network, so there are also rings that have doubled up on networking hardware and information travels both "clockwise" and "counterclockwise". All messages travel through a ring in the same direction, either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise". A data token is used to grant permission for each computer to communicate. Ring networks connecting from one to another in a ring.Bus networks are limited in the number of devices it can serve due to the broadcast traffic it generates. A device wanting to communicate with another device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message. A barrel connector can be used to extend it. Both ends of the network must be terminated with a terminator. Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a common backbone to connect all devices.The network topology describes the method used to do the physical wiring of the network. Routers make forwarding decisions by looking at that part of the station address that identifies the location of the destination. The advantage of hierarchical design is that devices interconnecting the parts of the infrastructure need only know how to reach intended destinations without having to keep track of individual devices at each location. In a hierarchical network the world is divided into separate locations and devices are assigned to a specific location. In a flat network every device is directly reachable by every other device. In general there are two fundamental design relationships that can be identified in the construction of a network infrastructure: flat networks versus hierarchical networks. Peer-to-peer is also a political and social program for those who believe that in many cases, peer-to-peer modes are a preferable option. Its human dynamic affords a critical look at current authoritarian and centralized social structures. P2P has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. The term comes from the P2P distributed computer application architecture which partitions tasks or workloads between peers. ![]() Social p2p processes are interactions with a peer-to-peer dynamic. In a peer-to-peer (p2p) network, various devices on the network can act both as clients and servers.These devices are called servers and the devices that request and use the service are called clients. In a server based network, some devices are set up to be primary providers of services.We can make distinctions in type of networks according to centralisation vs distribution: Each digital device is supported by network software that provides server and/or client functionality. 20.4 Open Virtual Private Network (OpenVPN)Ī network consists of multiple digital devices connected using some type of interface, each having one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface Card (NIC) and/or a serial device for PPP networking.20.3 Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP).20.1 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP).14 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).~ The FCC, the Internet and Net Neutrality Just ask the lawyers getting their briefs ready for the next round of dragging litigation. ![]() Forget neutrality – it was never there to begin with. The internet, in other words, is simply another territory of conflict, and one filled with fractious contenders vying for the shortest lived of primacies. They come from companies and their subsidiaries. They come from governments and their agencies. But the very idea of "neutrality" where "communications" and "investment" come together (these two not only get together in the FCC, they get together in lots of standardisation committees run by military and corporate interests), where information is key and the battle for access fundamental, suggest the fictional character of the effort.ĭandy it may be to speak about such "access" entitlements to internet power, till one realises the range of forces at work seeking to limit and restrict its operations. Distant, abstract and idealised, principles have been drafted, ideas floated, and suggestions made about how best to use the enormous, networked tool.
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